Arabic Journal for Translation Studies
type: channel
description: Arabic Journal for Translation Studies (AJTS) is a scholarly journal that adopts a double-blind peer-review process and is open access. It is published by the Democratic Arabic Center for Strategic, Political and Economic Studies in Berlin, Germany. The journal serves as an outlet for publishing studies and research related to all fields of translation, linguistics, and terminology. In this context, the journal’s mission is to enrich the academic library in the field of translation by encouraging the publication of translated articles drawn from foundational and significant research studies across all areas of the humanities. Finally, the journal welcomes researchers whose articles fall under the broader umbrella of the humanities and social sciences, supporting their scholarly output by improving it through peer review and promoting it through publication.
publisher: المركز الديمقراطي العربي للدراسات الاستراتيجية والسياسية والاقتصادية
language: en
publication name: Arabic Journal for Translation Studies
issn: 2750-6142
copyright: As an open-access the journal follows the CC BY-NC 4.0 Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International which states that: - you are free to: Share— copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Adapt— remix, transform, and build upon the material. - Under the following terms: Attribution— You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
items: How to Ground the Research Problem and Frame the Research Question
items: The Legislative Elections of July 02, 2026, in Algeria: A Reading of the Results and Outcomes
items: From Industry Alignment to Adaptive Translator Education: Rethinking Academia–Industry Collaboration in Translation Programs
items: Role of Terminological Competence in Developing a Specialized Translator in the Artificial Intelligence Era
items: Accuracy, Risk, and Translator Agency in AI-Assisted Specialised Translation
items: The Homeland as Reality, Aspiration, and Vision in Imam Musa al-Sadr’s Discourse and Public Practice
items: Stoic Ethics and the Decline of the Political
items: A study of the history of ideas in social work - A theoretical framework
items: Experimental Writing: A Commitment to a Different Morocco
items: Exploring the Effectiveness of Pedagogical Orientation of Generative AI Models on Enhancing University Students' Translation Skills: An Experimental Study
items: The geopolitics of the Strait of Hormuz in light of the U.S.-Iranian confrontation: The role of Algeria’s spatial sovereignty as an alternative strategic pole
items: The Level of Awareness Among Middle School Teachers of the Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Educational Process
items: Communicative Effectiveness in the Arabic Translations of Edward Said’s Orientalism: A Gricean Approach
items: Human Mission and Function in the Torah and the Qur’an: A Comparative Study
items: Legal Protection of Trade Union Freedom in Algerian Legislation (An Analytical Study in Light of Law No. 23-02)
items: Cybercrimes and Mechanisms for Combating Them in Algerian Legislation
items: The Role of Sports in Developing Citizenship Values Among University Students: A Field Study at Mohamed Lamine Debaghine University, Sétif 2, Algeria
items: Theoretical and Practical Dimensions of Equivalence in the Arabic Translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
items: The Impact of Inclusive Pedagogy on Problem-Solving
items: E-government and digital transaction costs in the context of cybersecurity maturity: A comparative approach to Arab countries (2005-2023)
items: Idiomatic False Friends Between Standard Arabic, Algerian Arabic, and French: A Comparative Study and Translation Challenges
items: Digital Transformation and Its Impact on Public Policy-Making in Arab States
items: Digital Marketing as a Strategic Lever for Strengthening the Competitiveness of Algeria’s Tourism Sector
items: Human or Machine? Exploring Gen Z’s Perceptions of Authenticity in AI-Driven Marketing
items: Youth Artistic Expressions in Public Space: A Sociological Study of Street Arts in Casablanca
items: From Omission to the Mediation of Conflicts between Chinese and Western Narrative Norms and Poetics: A Case Study of English Translation of Wolf Totem
items: Beyond Words: Towards a Multimodal Model of Subtitle Analysis
items: Moroccan Cinema: The Poetics of Creativity and Artistic Dynamic
items: The Cultural and Historical Foundations of Modern Intelligence
items: Optimal Relevance in Interpreting and Translating Processes

How to Ground the Research Problem and Frame the Research Question
type: item
description: This research paper aims to ground the research problem and clarify its fundamental dimensions by examining the theoretical and practical contexts related to the topic. It also seeks to direct the scientific question in a way that ensures precision and clarity in the research path, linking the research question to the study’s objectives and its core components. This stage constitutes a clear methodological framework for the research problem, which helps in analyzing the results and drawing accurate scientific conclusions. It also enables the development of a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the problem under study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Research Problem
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Questions
  topic: keywords
subject: Problem Formulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: Theoretical Framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Variables
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatiha Hammar
creator: Toufik Boukhedouni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-08-10
publication date: 2026-08-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.63939/ajts.xp89re93

The Legislative Elections of July 02, 2026, in Algeria: A Reading of the Results and Outcomes
type: item
description: Elections represent one of the most critical mechanisms relied upon by ruling elites to institutionalize democratic thought within their political systems. They serve as the primary gateway for institutional building and the fundamental mechanism that allows citizens to express their will by selecting their representatives in the state's political institutions. This dynamic was witnessed in Algeria on July 2, 2026, through the legislative elections held under stable social and political conditions. Hundreds of candidates competed within both partisan and independent lists, presenting their platforms and orientations to secure a seat within the legislative body. Accordingly, this research paper attempts to examine the Algerian legislative elections of July 2, 2026, the circumstances surrounding their organization, the resulting outcomes, and their impact on the institutional framework of the Algerian political system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Elections
  topic: keywords
subject: Democracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Building
  topic: keywords
subject: Legislative Elections
  topic: keywords
subject: Algeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdellah Djaafri
creator: Houari Laabed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.63939/ajts.gc9ejg09

From Industry Alignment to Adaptive Translator Education: Rethinking Academia–Industry Collaboration in Translation Programs
type: item
description: This conceptual article examines academia–industry collaboration as a dynamic curriculum principle in translator education rather than as a supplementary activity. It adopts an integrative conceptual-analysis approach, drawing purposively on foundational and recent scholarship in curriculum design, translation competence, situated learning, adaptive expertise, employability, and translation technology. The literature is synthesized to clarify how stakeholder needs, competence development, professional participation, and graduate adaptability can be connected within translator education. The article proposes an original curriculum-level model that integrates disciplinary depth, professional breadth, pedagogy, assessment, reflection, and ongoing curriculum review. It also operationalizes the model through collaboration mechanisms, targeted competences, assessment methods, implementation conditions, and indicators of student development. The article argues that sustainable collaboration should prepare graduates who combine deep translation competence with technological, interpersonal, ethical, and adaptive capacities without reducing university education to short-term market training. It further identifies institutional rigidity, uneven faculty preparation, unclear stakeholder roles, and limited empirical validation as key challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Academia–Industry Collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: Curriculum Design
  topic: keywords
subject: T-shaped Graduate
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation Competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive Translator Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Amer Hatamleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-08-12
publication date: 2026-08-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 27
doi: 10.63939/ajts.nfqtps35

Role of Terminological Competence in Developing a Specialized Translator in the Artificial Intelligence Era
type: item
description: The field of specialized translation is undergoing deep transformations due to the rapid development of artificial intelligence, particularly neural machine translation systems and terminology management tools. This has led to a re-evaluation of the concept of competence in translation in general, and terminological competence in particular. A translator's training is no longer limited to mastering the source and target languages and the specialized fields of knowledge in which they will translate. They are now also required to acquire the ability to use digital technologies, manage terminological resources, and verify the quality of automated outputs. This article, in this context, aims to examine the concept of terminological competence within of current digital transformations, analyze the knowledge upon which this competence is based, and identify the new challenges facing the training of specialized translators in the artificial intelligence era. It also seeks new suggestion for translator training programs run by universities, ensuring the preparation of translators able to interact with modern technologies without compromising the theoretical foundations and procedural methodologies of terminology. The study has got a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by a comparative one and the analysis of applied models from selected specialized texts. It concluded that terminological competence is no longer limited to knowing terminological equivalents, but has become a composite competence combining familiarity with conceptual systems, specialized documentary research, terminological resource management, and the critical use of artificial intelligence tools. The study also demonstrated that these technologies, despite their advanced abilities in terminology processing and translation production, do not replace human expertise in analyzing concepts, defining terminological relationships, and evaluating the quality of automated outputs. To wrap up, this study aims…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Terminological Competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Specialized Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Translator Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Specialized Documentary Research
  topic: keywords
creator: Mouheddine Ben-Slimane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-08-21
publication date: 2026-08-21
starting page: 1
ending page: 26
doi: 10.63939/ajts.c787da04

Accuracy, Risk, and Translator Agency in AI-Assisted Specialised Translation
type: item
description: This article discusses the role of human–AI collaboration in specialised translation, focusing on accuracy, risk and translator agency in high-stakes legal, medical, technical, financial and institutional contexts. It critically synthesises recent research on machine translation, large language models, post-editing, terminology management, translation quality and professional agency, using a conceptual and analytical approach. The study does not present primary empirical data; rather, it attempts to establish a framework for assessing machine-generated output within specialised translation workflows. It is theoretically innovative in combining accuracy, risk and agency within a single relational model and demonstrating how each translation decision is shaped by system output, professional judgement and potential consequences. Accuracy is therefore understood as a multidimensional requirement encompassing linguistic, terminological and conceptual precision, as well as consistency, register, genre conventions and functional appropriateness. Risk refers to the potential for output to be inaccurate, incomplete or inadequately validated, resulting in errors that could affect legal interpretation, medical safety, technical procedures, institutional responsibility or end-user decisions. These concepts are presented in a six-dimensional analytical model that includes system contribution, accuracy issue, risk level, translator response, decision rationale and impact on final quality. The article argues that computational tools can be used for drafting, terminological support, reformulation, post-editing and quality assessment, but cannot serve as stand-alone authorities in specialised translation. Translator agency is thus redefined rather than eradicated: the translator must assess, edit or reject system output, explain decisions and take responsibility for the final product. The proposed framework offers a basis for future conceptual, empirical, pedagogical and professiona…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI-Assisted Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Human–AI Collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: Specialised Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation Accuracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation Risk
  topic: keywords
subject: Translator Agency
  topic: keywords
creator: Eyhab Bader-Eddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.63939/ajts.9sr3gw56

The Homeland as Reality, Aspiration, and Vision in Imam Musa al-Sadr’s Discourse and Public Practice
type: item
description: This study analyzes how the concept of homeland developed in Imam Musa al-Sadr’s discourse and public practice in Lebanon between 1959 and 1978, and how it relates to citizenship, sectarianism, social justice, and nonviolence. It asks how al-Sadr conceived the homeland simultaneously as a plural reality, an ethical and institutional aspiration, and a vision of coexistence and a just state. The study employs historically contextualized thematic content analysis. Its primary corpus consists of al-Sadr’s two volumes of press interviews, his speeches and lectures collected in Musa al-Sadr and Humanistic Discourse, Marching in al-Husayn’s Procession, and The Alphabet of Dialogue, while secondary studies are used to establish context. Texts were purposively selected when they explicitly addressed homeland, citizenship, sects and sectarianism, deprivation, peace, and defense; they were then coded into semantic themes and compared across different stages of the discourse. The findings show that homeland is constructed as a reciprocal bond of rights and duties, while a just state and balanced development are necessary conditions of national belonging. Al-Sadr also distinguished between religious communities as a civilizational resource and political sectarianism as a system of privilege and isolation, and between rejecting weapons in internal conflict and legitimizing defense of the land. The study’s contribution lies in reconstructing these elements as one conceptual system that links discourse to practice rather than reducing al-Sadr’s thought to biography or general description. The study is limited spatially to Lebanon, temporally to al-Sadr’s Lebanese public activity, and textually to available published materials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Homeland
  topic: keywords
subject: Citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: Coexistence
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Sectarianism
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Lebanese Political Thought
  topic: keywords
creator: Chadi EL-Khoury
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 32
doi: 10.63939/ajts.b1eng523

Stoic Ethics and the Decline of the Political
type: item
description: This article examines the status of passions and emotions in Stoic philosophy, highlighting its Platonic roots and its functional transformations following the decline of political life in the Hellenistic era. The research aims to demonstrate how philosophy evolved into a spiritual exercise and psychological therapy centered on the concepts of "practicing for death" and "cosmopolitanism". It further analyzes the conceptual intersection between philosophy and medicine by tracing the evolution of the term pathos, leading to the pivotal role of the "guide" in achieving moral autonomy. Through a critical lens, the study contrasts this traditional Stoic perspective with the radical modern thought of Spinoza and Du Marsais, emphasizing the divergence between the Stoic "exclusion" of passions and the modern "utilization" of them. The research concludes that while the roles of philosophy shifted from the politics of the city to the therapy of the soul and ultimately to radical liberation, it remained a conscious and persistent effort to manage the ambiguous relationship between reason and emotion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stoicism
  topic: keywords
subject: Passions
  topic: keywords
subject: Spiritual Exercises
  topic: keywords
subject: Radical Thought
  topic: keywords
creator: Noureddine DINANI
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-07-16
publication date: 2026-07-16
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.63939/ajts.kaz91j98

A study of the history of ideas in social work - A theoretical framework
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to develop a theoretical frame of reference to study and assess the roots of the history of ideas in social work. The point of departure is social work as a practical and professional activity and a scientific discipline. It is argued that a description and analysis of the background of the history of ideas in social work must be anchored in the development of the social sciences. The theoretical framework is generated from two variables that play a central role in the development of ideas in the social sciences. The interplay between theory and practice, as well as the nature of social problems are central themes for classical authors. The theoretical framework developed in this study can be used 1) to make a typology of classical authors and of agents of social action to systematize similarities and dissimilarities between these and to study lines in the history of ideas leading to modern thinking in social work; and 2) to justify chosen classical texts as classics of social work. Thus, the framework can be used for the purpose of generating hypotheses in research work.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Theoretical Framework
  topic: keywords
subject: History of Ideas
  topic: keywords
subject: Theory and Practice
  topic: keywords
creator: Lahoussine Sousan
creator: Ibrahim Hammouch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 93
ending page: 115
doi: 10.63939/ajts.kww98449

Experimental Writing: A Commitment to a Different Morocco
type: item
description: Subversive engagement through experimental writing is an arduous mission that has cost intellectuals their lives and even their freedom, all in an effort to envision a "reformed Morocco," a Morocco strong politically, economically, and socially. A Morocco of freedom, a Morocco of culture, a Morocco of quality education and scientific research. A Morocco of pride. This was the mission of intellectuals, and its validity remains a responsibility in the hands of those who truly belong to this country, body and soul, not those who repeat political slogans for their own benefit and who are capable of changing their tune as needed. An “Other Morocco” demands an inexhaustible energy, an honest spirit, free in its choices but above all responsible for its actions. Laâbi engages in subversive writing that breaks with the falsification of lived experience. He has played the role of a translator, faithfully conveying the social vices, traumas, and tortures of those who dare to go against the grain. Laâbi embarks on a dissident commitment while employing textual violence to convey the oppression of power and the total silence of a subjugated people, delivered to the whims of fate. For Serhane, subversive activism challenges the literary question in relation to the social question. He undertakes a demystification of “sacred” language and sacralizes “poetic” language in a truly paradoxical and conflictual situation. Khaïr-Eddine's subversion is not achieved through the renunciation of the subverted cult. On the contrary, it is a way of rewriting it, reforging it, recreating it differently through a style of writing that highlights uprooting on a linguistic level as well as on the level of the imagination. He calls upon a subversive imagination to redefine the landmarks of a New Morocco and a New Citizen. For all three writers, subversion is the vehicle for a writing of urgency and exacting standards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Subversion
  topic: keywords
subject: Bilingualism
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Irony
  topic: keywords
subject: Duality
  topic: keywords
subject: Conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Chaïmae Blilete
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 154
ending page: 175
doi: 10.63939/ajts.g0svyr38

Exploring the Effectiveness of Pedagogical Orientation of Generative AI Models on Enhancing University Students' Translation Skills: An Experimental Study
type: item
description: This study attempted to bridge the research gap in AI-driven pedagogy for translation training in the Arab context, focusing on the potential of generative AI models to improve the translation proficiency of university translation majors. The research explored the effectiveness of pedagogically oriented generative AI tools in enhancing students’ skills across linguistic, cultural, and text-level dimensions in English ⇄ Arabic translation, using a true experimental pre-test-post-test control group design. While both groups used identical training materials, the experimental group received AI-guided training, and the control group was taught through traditional instruction. Through a random sampling (n = 37 per group), participants were recruited from four universities in Yemen and Oman, ensuring a comparable educational background. The findings revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in translation achievement in all targeted translation skills due to the impact of guided integration of AI. The study underscored the multi-faceted pedagogical applications of AI in translation education when grounded in a systematic pedagogical framework under instructor guidance. Through highlighting practical pedagogical implications and offering an evidence-based framework for integrating AI into translation programs, the research opens new avenues for innovative practices in AI-assisted translation pedagogy for instructors and curriculum designers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Translation Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Generative AI
  topic: keywords
subject: AI-driven Pedagogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Intervention
  topic: keywords
subject: Arab Context
  topic: keywords
creator: Redhwan Qasem Alsharef
creator: Faisal Ali Aldawli
creator: Khaled Abdulrahman Alahdal
creator: Nuha Ali Shamsan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 11
ending page: 47
doi: 10.63939/ajts.yx0k0267

The geopolitics of the Strait of Hormuz in light of the U.S.-Iranian confrontation: The role of Algeria’s spatial sovereignty as an alternative strategic pole
type: item
description: This study examines the geopolitical dimensions of the US-Iran conflict and its implications for global energy security, focusing on the Strait of Hormuz as a pivotal flashpoint, within a forward-looking analytical framework. It also explores Algeria's potential role as an alternative strategic energy hub by analyzing its territorial sovereignty and its capacity to provide stable gas supplies within the context of the reshaping of the global energy landscape. The study concluded that strengthening Algeria's role as a stable energy supply hub would reduce the vulnerability of European energy markets to the volatility of conflict-prone waterways. It also recommended adapting existing pipeline infrastructure to accommodate the future energy mix, thereby solidifying Algeria's position as a key player in reshaping transboundary energy security balances.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geopolitical Balances
  topic: keywords
subject: Strait of Hormuz
  topic: keywords
subject: US-Iranian Confrontation
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Algerian Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
creator: Hakim Khalfaoui
creator: Imane Chekalil
creator: Billel Bagdadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 69
ending page: 92
doi: 10.63939/ajts.9jg6d024

The Level of Awareness Among Middle School Teachers of the Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Educational Process
type: item
description: This study aims to identify the level of awareness among middle school teachers regarding the role of artificial intelligence applications in the educational process. To achieve the objectives, the study instrument was applied after verifying its validity and reliability to a sample of (71) male and female teachers from the middle school stage in Tiaret province. The results of the study revealed that the level of awareness among middle school teachers regarding the role of artificial intelligence applications in the educational process was high. The study also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of awareness among middle school teachers regarding the role of artificial intelligence applications in the educational process attributed to the variable of professional experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Middle School
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdelkrim Boureguig
creator: Hadj Chetouane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 142
ending page: 153
doi: 10.63939/ajts.yy7vn419

Communicative Effectiveness in the Arabic Translations of Edward Said’s Orientalism: A Gricean Approach
type: item
description: This article conducts a comparative analysis of the four Arabic translations of Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), drawing on Grice’s Cooperative Principle and established translation strategies. Based on an analysis of fifty selected passages, this study adopts a descriptive and comparative approach. It aims to assess the extent to which each translation preserves fidelity, readability, and communicative effectiveness, while identifying the most faithful version to Said’s text and appropriate for Arabic readers. A significant divergence is revealed among the translations in terms of adherence to Grice’s maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner, as well as in the implementation of foreignization and domestication approaches. While some translations foreground cognitive fidelity to the source text at the expense of accessibility, others place greater emphasis on readability, which partially leads to a reduction in conceptual depth. Some translations prioritize fidelity over accessibility, while others enhance readability at the cost of precision. These comparisons should be interpreted as indicative trends rather than definitive judgments. The results demonstrate that Mohamed Enani’s translation achieves a comparatively higher degree of pragmatic balance and communicative efficiency, followed by Asfour. Statements about issues in other translations do not imply broader judgments about translator competence. However, Kamal Abu Deeb’s and Jasmati’s versions present considerable challenges related to readability and communicative effectiveness. The study reveals that effective translation of politically loaded academic texts requires a balanced integration of fidelity, clarity, ethical practice, and cultural mediation. By foregrounding the intersection of pragmatics with foreignization and domestication approaches in translation, this study contributes to translation studies, postcolonial scholarship, and retranslation theory, offering an innovative framework fo…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Orientalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Arabic Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Grice’s Maxims
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreignization
  topic: keywords
subject: Domestication
  topic: keywords
subject: Retranslation Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Rachida Boubrit
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 48
ending page: 68
doi: 10.63939/ajts.6zfzzt70

Human Mission and Function in the Torah and the Qur’an: A Comparative Study
type: item
description: This study undertakes a comparative examination of the Torah and the Holy Qur’an regarding the human being’s mission and function in life-the purpose for which God Almighty created humankind. It addresses the identification of the fundamental and original mission entrusted to the human being, as well as points of similarity and difference in both religions, through clarifying key concepts and terminology and analyzing passages from the Torah and the Qur’an that relate to this topic. The study concludes that, in the Torah, the human mission and function is framed as a particular form of vicegerency assigned to a particular people - “God’s chosen people” - which does not support the foundations of building a nation and its civilization. By contrast, in the Holy Qur’an, the human mission and function is represented in realizing vicegerency on earth in its proper form; this constitutes a hallmark of Islamic civilization, a pillar of social life, and a basis for psychological well-being in this world and the hereafter, as well as for social and global peace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mission
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Being
  topic: keywords
subject: Function
  topic: keywords
subject: Torah
  topic: keywords
subject: Qur’an
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparison
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmoud Kreifeur
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-05-03
publication date: 2026-05-03
starting page: 116
ending page: 141
doi: 10.63939/ajts.yfsje881

Legal Protection of Trade Union Freedom in Algerian Legislation (An Analytical Study in Light of Law No. 23-02)
type: item
description: The study concludes that Algerian Law No. 23-02 of 2 May 2023 establishes a balanced legal framework governing trade union activity in both the public and private sectors. The legislator sought to reconcile the protection of trade unionists with the need to preserve order and discipline within workplaces. To this end, the law provides strong safeguards against employer abuse and administrative arbitrariness, while preventing the misuse of trade union status. Key protections include extending legal protection to all unionized workers regardless of representativeness, an absolute prohibition on sanctions based on union activity or membership, restrictions on transferring trade union delegates, equality in disciplinary procedures, and enhanced safeguards in cases of dismissal or termination for certain union representatives. At the same time, the law imposes limits on trade union conduct, exposing unionists to sanctions where they engage in unlawful work stoppages, disrupt institutional activity, or resort to violence, threats, or coercion. In the public sector, trade unionists are regarded as the weaker party, and severe disciplinary measures are subject to strict procedural guarantees, including prior binding review by joint committees and access to judicial remedies with compensation. In the economic sector, labor inspectors play a central mediating role between workers and employers. Overall, the law combines protective, regulatory, and penal mechanisms to ensure both the freedom and proper regulation of trade union activity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trade Union
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment
  topic: keywords
subject: Algerian Legislation
  topic: keywords
subject: Inspector
  topic: keywords
subject: Freedom
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Latreche
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 203
ending page: 237
doi: 10.63939/ajts.mx8za063

Cybercrimes and Mechanisms for Combating Them in Algerian Legislation
type: item
description: With the proliferation and increase in cybercrimes faced by internet users in professional and personal transactions, and the increasing reliance on electronic data, it is necessary to develop a cybersecurity system at several levels. This information component has led to a change in the frequency and nature of cybercrimes committed. The world has recently witnessed profound transformations at all economic, social, and cultural levels, particularly technologically. Societies have transformed from consumer societies to industrial societies to cyber-based societies, thanks to the rapid, low-cost, highly accurate, and highly profitable digital services provided by modern technology. Despite the positives of this technology, it has also posed a concern for every society, with its recognition of a number of negatives, the most important of which is what is known as cybercrime. Given the specificity of these crimes—they transcend geography and do not discriminate between one society and another—Algeria is also among the countries that have witnessed a significant increase in the rate of these crimes in recent years. This has prompted Algerian legislators to enact legislation to combat cybercrime.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Technological Developments
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybercrimes
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Societies
  topic: keywords
subject: Algerian Legislation
  topic: keywords
subject: Crime & Internet
  topic: keywords
creator: Assia Zerrouki
creator: Rabie Maazouz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 164
ending page: 171
doi: 10.63939/ajts.8tbhz362

The Role of Sports in Developing Citizenship Values Among University Students: A Field Study at Mohamed Lamine Debaghine University, Sétif 2, Algeria
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to know the role of sport in establishing the values of citizenship among university youth. Where the study tool was used in the survey questionnaire on a sample of 262 university students. The descriptive approach and the arithmetic mean were used as a statistical method to present the results. Play a role in entrenching both the value of participation, the value of national belonging, the value of acceptance of difference, the value of responsibility, to a high degree.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Values of Citizenship
  topic: keywords
subject: Value of Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Value of National Affiliation
  topic: keywords
subject: Value of Acceptance of Difference
  topic: keywords
subject: Value of Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: University Youth
  topic: keywords
creator: Saber Bahri
creator: منى خرموش
creator: توفيق ركاب
creator: إسمهان خرموش
creator: Halim Bouakka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 134
ending page: 151
doi: 10.63939/ajts.0eg90d86

Theoretical and Practical Dimensions of Equivalence in the Arabic Translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
type: item
description: This study investigates the critical role of the concept of equivalence in translation, especially in legal contexts. It addresses the theoretical and practical implications of translation equivalence, highlighting the lack of consensus among scholars regarding its definition. The research examines the types of equivalence prevalent in legal translation, explicitly using the Arabic version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights UDHR, adopted by the United Nations in 1948. Legal translation involves translating legal texts, such as the UDHR, from one language, such as French, to another, such as Arabic. This process is intricate due to the complex nature of legal texts, multifaceted legal concepts, and the distinct meanings embedded in legal language. The study highlights that equivalence, a heavily debated term in translation studies, is interpreted differently across theoretical perspectives, including linguistic, functional, and interpretive approaches. In the context of legal translation, functional equivalence is the most relevant type, particularly in the Arabic translation of the UDHR, as it aligns well with legal translation components such as text nature, legal discourse, and system compatibility (Sarcevic, 1997). The notion of equivalence takes several forms; however, linguistic and grammatical equivalence is less attainable due to significant language differences. For this reason, the study primarily focuses on functional equivalence from a Sarcevic perspective, facilitating measurement through criteria such as equivalent juridical force, contextual adaptation to target legal norms, terminological fidelity, and pragmatic effect, without assessing overall translation correctness, as the UN recognizes this version. It employs qualitative methods, discourse analysis, and content analysis to explore equivalence in the UDHR's Arabic translation, aiming to clarify the relationship between the source and target texts by applying these operational criteria t…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arabic
  topic: keywords
subject: French
  topic: keywords
subject: Target Text
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Equivalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Hichem Bencherif
creator: Messaouda Boudjerida
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 60
ending page: 84
doi: 10.63939/ajts.yjq9km85

The Impact of Inclusive Pedagogy on Problem-Solving
type: item
description: The pedagogy of integration is a method of preparing lessons based on the analysis of meaningful integration situations, which works to create a competent learner capable of adapting to his society and facing all the obstacles that confront him. The integration process is not conducted within separate resources but rather within integrated situations, through which the learner utilizes appropriate knowledge, skills, and behaviors to find solutions to the situation. In this way, it intersects with the goals of the school and the tasks it undertakes. This involves equipping students with relevant, structured, and lasting skills that can be applied in real-life communication and problem-solving situations, enabling them to learn throughout their lives, contribute effectively to society, and adapt to change.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Learner
  topic: keywords
subject: Integration Pedagogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Problem Situation
  topic: keywords
subject: Problem-Solving
  topic: keywords
creator: Lamia Hamza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 152
ending page: 163
doi: 10.63939/ajts.j0jqbc46

E-government and digital transaction costs in the context of cybersecurity maturity: A comparative approach to Arab countries (2005-2023)
type: item
description: This research examines the correlation between e-government advancement and digital transaction expenses in Arab nations, highlighting the influence of cybersecurity maturity as a moderating factor. The analysis employs panel data from twenty Arab League member states spanning 2005 to 2023, incorporating the United Nations E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and the International Telecommunication Union’s Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) as principal indicators. A two-way fixed-effects model is utilized to examine whether cybersecurity maturity enhances the efficiency improvements of digital governance. Results show that e-government development cuts down on the costs of searching for information, negotiating, and enforcing rules. This relationship, on the other hand, gets a lot stronger in places where cybersecurity frameworks are well- established and trustworthy. The results show that digital transformation and cyber resilience go hand in hand, and that for digitalization to be sustainable, investments in both cybersecurity capacity building and regulatory coherence must be made at the same time. Policy suggestions call for a coordinated approach to speed up e-government and improve cybersecurity maturity in order to create safe, low-cost digital economies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-Government Development Index (EGDI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transaction Costs
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Maturity
  topic: keywords
subject: Arab countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Panel Data
  topic: keywords
creator: Souhila Imansouren
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 179
ending page: 202
doi: 10.63939/ajts.sr7yj978

Idiomatic False Friends Between Standard Arabic, Algerian Arabic, and French: A Comparative Study and Translation Challenges
type: item
description: This study aims to propose an extension of the reflection on the phenomenon of false friends in linguistics, taking into account not only isolated lexical units, but also integrating idiomatic expressions. The analysis conducted here seeks to verify the existence of this phenomenon in the Algerian context and to study its impact on the foreign language teaching and learning process, as well as to determine its consequences on translation practices, the challenges it generates, and the issues that result. In summary, it is important to emphasize that this research is conducted on two different contrastive contexts: French–Standard Arabic and French–Algerian Arabic. This research approach has made it possible to demonstrate that idiomatic false friends are not simply a mere extension of the concept of lexical false friends, but rather mobilize complex metaphorical, pragmatic, and cultural dimensions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: False Friends
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign Language Teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Idiomatic Expressions
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching & Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Yaâkoub Moumni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 85
ending page: 100
doi: 10.63939/ajts.9zmqje28

Digital Transformation and Its Impact on Public Policy-Making in Arab States
type: item
description: This study examines digital governance and clarifies the gap in public policymaking between Arab countries and countries leading in digital transformation. Adopting a comparative analytical approach, the study proposes solutions and opportunities to enable Arab countries to implement digital governance across all sectors, within a solid legal framework. This can be achieved by developing a comprehensive national strategy, enhancing regional cooperation in cybersecurity, and exchanging expertise and technologies. These measures contribute to digitizing public policies and overcoming the challenges that hinder sustainable development across multiple dimensions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Policies
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Arab Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibtissam Guergah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 259
ending page: 275
doi: 10.63939/ajts.9z5f1442

Digital Marketing as a Strategic Lever for Strengthening the Competitiveness of Algeria’s Tourism Sector
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the new reality imposed by the digital transformation on the tourism sector in Algeria, by highlighting the aspects of the relationship between tourism and digital communication applications, as well as the digital marketing strategies enabled by modern technology. Additionally, it explores the indicators of the emergence of digital tourism in Algeria. The descriptive method was adopted to describe and analyze these transformations in order to understand their dimensions and actual impacts. Despite the various initiatives undertaken by the Algerian state in terms of setting future plans and investing in the development of information and communication technology infrastructure, the results of the digital transformation process in the tourism sector remain below expectations. This indicates an ongoing need to enhance digital marketing applications and innovative practices to modernize the tourism sector and achieve the desired goals in this field.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Marketing
  topic: keywords
subject: E-Tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism Competitiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Algeria’s Tourism Sector
  topic: keywords
creator: Nassima Amedjkouh
creator: Sarah Nabila Belahsene
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 115
ending page: 133
doi: 10.63939/ajts.rq523n05

Human or Machine? Exploring Gen Z’s Perceptions of Authenticity in AI-Driven Marketing
type: item
description: Objective: This study explores how Generation Z consumers perceive AI-generated versus human-created brand content, focusing on perceived authenticity, emotional engagement, and ethical transparency. As brands increasingly integrate AI into their storytelling, understanding these perceptions is crucial for maintaining trust and connection. Method: An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted. 17 Generation Z participants aged 18–25; both genders from Algeria took part in semi-structured interviews. During each session 30–45 minutes, participants viewed brand images and short video clips produced either by AI or by human creators. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo software. Results: Five core themes emerged: (1) Perceived authenticity as a determinant of emotional resonance, (2) Credibility and trust shaped by transparency and perceived effort, (3) Emotional impact and engagement driven by narrative warmth, (4) Narrative attachment to human storytelling, and (5) Ethical reflection emphasizing the moral responsibility of disclosure. Implications: The findings highlight authenticity and honesty as essential pillars for effective AI-driven branding, suggesting that brands should disclose AI involvement to preserve credibility and emotional resonance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brand Content
  topic: keywords
subject: Generated AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceived Authenticity
  topic: keywords
subject: Generation Z
  topic: keywords
creator: Samir Meradi
creator: Samira Salah
creator: Soumia Abdelhak
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 238
ending page: 258
doi: 10.63939/ajts.k8nf8t60

Youth Artistic Expressions in Public Space: A Sociological Study of Street Arts in Casablanca
type: item
description: This sociological study explores the various forms of artistic expression practiced by young people in the public spaces of Casablanca between 2010 and 2023, focusing particularly on street theatre and graffiti. The research seeks to understand this phenomenon within its urban sociocultural context, examining its underlying motivations, operational dynamics, and its conception of public space as a site for creative practices. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative approach combining direct and participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and content analysis conducted throughout the examined period. The findings reveal the emergence of a resistant youth culture striving for recognition and participation in public affairs, while reshaping urban spaces through artistic practices that intertwine aesthetic sensibility with social engagement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Street Arts
  topic: keywords
subject: Youth Expressions
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Space
  topic: keywords
subject: Graffiti
  topic: keywords
subject: Sociology of Art
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Bassalah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 101
ending page: 114
doi: 10.63939/ajts.ze4cyv96

From Omission to the Mediation of Conflicts between Chinese and Western Narrative Norms and Poetics: A Case Study of English Translation of Wolf Totem
type: item
description: As a work of Chinese ethnic minority literature, Wolf Totem embraces a narrative structure and discourse rich in national and ethnic historical overtones, while also aligning with the narrative conventions of Chinese novels. This study, based on Howard Goldblatt’s English translation, investigates how the translator reshapes the text’s narrative structure and discourse through the strategy of “omission”, and explores the resulted narrative effects. The analysis is situated within the broader context of the differing narrative poetics of Chinese and Western literary traditions. Drawing on the concepts of “grand narrative” and “little narrative” as well as “duration” and “narrative speed”, the study reveals the translator’s motivations and strategies in negotiating the tensions between Chinese and Western narrative norms. Furthermore, it revisits the relationship between modern and postmodern theories in Translation Studies (TS), advocating for a renewed focus on the translator, the translated text, and ideology through the lens of narrative conventions and underlying poetics. In this light, this study seeks to promote cross-cultural understanding and dialogue between source and target language cultures through the practice of translation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wolf Totem
  topic: keywords
subject: Omissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Narrative Norms
  topic: keywords
subject: Narrative Poetics
  topic: keywords
subject: Chinese Ethnic Minority Literature
  topic: keywords
creator: Pengcheng Tang
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 44
ending page: 59
doi: 10.63939/ajts.hnptva93

Beyond Words: Towards a Multimodal Model of Subtitle Analysis
type: item
description: The present article highlights the importance of adopting a multimodal approach to subtitle analysis in audiovisual translation (AVT) research. While existing studies have predominantly focused on verbal and textual dimensions, they have often underestimated the relevance of the interaction between linguistic, visual, and acoustic modes in audiovisual texts. To address this gap, the study adopts a multimodal perspective that conceptualizes subtitling as the outcome of meaning-making processes unfolding across multiple semiotic channels. In this regard, a subtitled excerpt from Hicham Ayouch’s 2021 comedy film Abdelinho was analyzed by using a modified version of Taylor’s (2016) multimodal transcription model (MT). The findings reveal that subtitling decisions are not shaped by language alone but are also influenced by multimodal and cinematic cues, resulting in shifts, omissions, or compensations across semiotic modes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multimodal Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Subtitle Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Taylor’s Multimodal Transcription Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Audiovisual Translation (AVT)
  topic: keywords
creator: Imane Benali
creator: Jamal Akabli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 43
doi: 10.63939/ajts.eh2vnp27

Moroccan Cinema: The Poetics of Creativity and Artistic Dynamic
type: item
description: In this study, we examine and analyze the trajectory of Moroccan cinema, both in terms of its artistic progress and the aesthetic and intellectual diversity that characterized some of its films. We also offer an interpretation of these remarkable films and the artistic diversity they presented. Thus, we demonstrated the aesthetic creativity of these films by analyzing its most important components. We also addressed the major social themes they present, multiple and varied, such as the defense of women and the social rights of the poorest, and discussed issues that weaken the structure of society, such as rape and prostitution. We also conducted a detailed analysis of the types of characters present in these films, reflecting their diversity and richness. Finally, we demonstrated the creative dynamism this cinema has witnessed and the qualitative leap represented by women's cinema.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cinema
  topic: keywords
subject: Society
  topic: keywords
subject: Creativity
  topic: keywords
subject: Woman
  topic: keywords
subject: Aesthetics
  topic: keywords
creator: Noureddine Mhakkak
creator: Sanae Ghouati
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 172
ending page: 178
doi: 10.63939/ajts.kcqdr417

The Cultural and Historical Foundations of Modern Intelligence
type: item
description: Intelligence is one of the concepts that has preoccupied human thought, as it is associated with humanity's attempts to understand the mental capacities that distinguish them from other creatures and their use in coexisting with their environment. This study aimed to shed light on the various definitions assigned to intelligence in modern linguistic dictionaries. As language is a mirror that reflects the culture of peoples, the researcher sought to explore the history of the term's emergence and its synonyms in the Arabic language, Islamic history, and the English and French as Latin languages. To achieve the study's objective, the researcher collected the necessary data from various sources such as dictionaries, books, scientific research, and the internet, and then analyzed it. The study reached a set of key findings, including: Based on the definitions found in the three linguistic dictionaries, we can infer the essential elements of intelligence as follows: Through the dictionaries in the three languages covered by the study, the term 'intelligence' includes understanding, knowledge, thinking, adaptation, perception, deduction, analysis, discrimination, and synthesis. It also takes previous experiences into account, examines the relationships between facts, considers time as a fundamental factor, and requires the storage of new experiences for use in subsequent ones. The researcher, therefore, formulated a definition for it. • It is a term deeply rooted in history. The Holy Quran mentioned it with numerous synonyms, while implicitly, it was embodied in the practices of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his companions (may God be pleased with them). The means for its embodiment, namely mathematics and statistics, were also mentioned in the Quran. The Romans also used it from prehistoric times.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arabic language
  topic: keywords
subject: English language
  topic: keywords
subject: French language
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Linguistic Dictionarie
  topic: keywords
creator: Zineb Bensaoudi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 25
doi: 10.63939/ajts.z8aqpf35

Optimal Relevance in Interpreting and Translating Processes
type: item
description: This study investigates the types of difficulties faced by translators in achieving optimal interpretation. The relevance degree is adapted to achieve an optimal meaning when conveying the translated text. The text should be fully comprehensible without unneeded effort. To achieve this goal, the translator should understand the source text. Then, she or he recreates a translated text that is close to the original one, taking into consideration the intended audience and cultural norms. To apply it in the realm of optimality, the concepts of decision theory and utility theory are utilized. The study clarifies that the translator's selection of an utterance is based on relevance, as they aim to convey their intention and be understood. This in turn suggests that literal utterances take more effort to process than implied ones. For optimal relevance, the utterance should be the most relevant one, according to the readers' preferences and abilities. Finally, it is notable to mention that the study suggests developing and implementing this process of translation. As a result, it could significantly improve the translator's achievements in decoding any text appropriately.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Relevance Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimality Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Pragmatics
  topic: keywords
subject: Decision Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation Evaluation
  topic: keywords
creator: Aalaa Yaseen Hassan
creator: Mahasin Abdulqadir Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-29
publication date: 2025-08-29
starting page: 43
ending page: 58
doi: 10.63939/ajts.c5bkwq77